Intel vs. AMD, processor ea hae e sireletsehile ho feta?

Ha basebelisi ba bangata ba qala ho belaela hore na ke processor efe e ka sirelletsang likhomphutha tsa bona, datha le mesebetsi ea inthanete, ntoa ea nako e telele pakeng tsa Intel le AMD e sa tsoa kena boemong bo bocha.

Leha basebelisi ba bangata ba tloaelehileng le bafuputsi ba cybersecurity ba tšoenyehile ka ho ba kotsing ea software, litsi tsena li bonahala li sa fele. Leha ho le joalo, ho qala ka Pherekhong 2018, basebelisi ba bangata le bafuputsi ba ts'ireletso ba hlokometse hore lisebelisoa tse sebelisang lisebelisoa tsa rona ha li sireletsehe kapa li se na mathata a tebileng a ts'ireletso joalo ka ha re ne re nahanne.

Sena se re sietse potso: Ke processor efe ea k'hamphani e sireletsehileng ho feta? Lintlha tsa lipatlisiso li lumela hore Intel hajoale e na le likotsi tse 242 tse pepesitsoeng phatlalatsa, athe AMD e na le 16 feela mme ho bonahala eka li-processor tsa AMD li bolokehile haholo, empa likhamphani tse peli le tsona li entse letoto la liteko mabapi le ts'ireletso.

Ka Pherekhong 2018, litsebi tsa polokeho ea projeke ea "Zero" ea Google le bafuputsi ba 'maloa ba ikemetseng ba ts'ireletso ba senotse liphoso tsa moralo oa Meltdown le Specter CPU. Ho ba teng ha lits'enyehelo tsena ke khetho ea moralo e entsoeng ke lihlopha tse ngata tsa meralo ea CPU ho ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea bona ea chip. Meltdown e tla ama lintja tsa Intel, e lumelle hore lits'oants'o tsa marang-rang li qetetse tšitiso e lipakeng tsa basebelisi le memori ea khomphutha, e ka lumellang barekisi ba bala memori ea komporo le ho utsoa li-password; Seketso se tla ama lintjutla tsa Intel, AMD le ARM, mme se tlohelle barekisi ba nang le tsona Ho ka khonahala ho fetola lits'ebetso tse seng phoso ho etsa liphiri tse tsoang.

Specter le Meltdown li shebile mesebetsing ea mantlha ea chip ho fapana le ho ba kotsing ea software, e leng bothata bo tebileng ka ho fetisisa ba ts'ireletso lilemong tsa morao tjena. Ho batla ho le thata ho boloka CPU e sa sireletseha ka ho felletseng ho Selalelo le Meltdown, mme ho fokotsa ts'abo, o hloka moralo o mocha oa CPU. Ka bokhutšoanyane, litlhaselo tsa Specter le Meltdown li etselitsoe theknoloji ea OoOE eo CPU e itšetlehileng ka eona ka lilemo. Bahlahisi ba CPU ha baa sebelisa mekhoa e meng ho ntlafatsa ts'ebetso hobane ha e atlehe joaloka mekhoa ea khale. Mme le haeba ho ka ba le moralo o betere oa CPU nakong e tlang, ho ka ba le likoti tse ncha tsa ts'ireletso. Mohloli o bulehileng ha o fane ka tiiso ea hore CPU ha e na ts'oaetso ea letho ho litlhaselo tsa kantle hobane litlhaselo tsena ha li e-so fihle. Intel e ile ea hlaheloa ke koluoa ​​e kholo ea setjhaba khahlanong le ho pepesetsoa ha Meltdown le Specter.

Polao e potlakileng e hlahisitse bonyane liphoso tse ling tse tharo, e leng TLBleed, Forestadow le Zombieload, tse hlileng li etsang hore theknoloji ea Intel-Threading e se sireletsehe. Mothehi oa OpenBSD, Theo de Raadt, o lemositse khahlanong le ho kenella ha Hyper-Threading ho likhomphutha tsa Ingo ho tloha qalong. Kamora moo, barekisi ba Google esita le ba OS ba kang Apple ba ile ba kena kampong ea khanyetso ea OpenBSD. Google e holofalitse Hyper-Threading ho li-Chromebook tsohle, mme Apple e boletse feela hore ho fokotsa ka botlalo boemo ba Zombieload le tse ling tse bobebe tsa sampole ea li-design tsa li-micro-architecture (MDS), Hyper- Threading, ke khetho ea mosebelisi.

Intel hape e khothaletsa ho sitisa Hyper-Threading, empa ke bareki ba itseng feela "ba ke keng ba netefatsa hore software e tšepahalang e sebetsa lits'ebetsong tsa bona." Empa, ha e le hantle, ha motho e mong le e mong a tsamaisa software ea batho ba bang ho PC kapa seva ea bona, ba hlile ba ka u joetsa hore na ho tšeptjoa eng le eng?

Li-CPU tsa AMD li boetse li angoa ke PortSmash, ts'oaetso e amang ts'ebetso ea eona ea nako e tšoanang ea multithreading (SMT), e ts'oanang le hypelthreading ea Intel. Li-processor tsa AMD le tsona li kotsing ea ho hlaseloa ke NetSpectre le SplitSpectre, hobane litšitiso tsena li ama processor, mme li-processor tsena le tsona li kotsing ea tlhaselo ea Specter v1, le Specter variant 2, e hlahisitseng tlhaiso bakeng sa sena, empa e bonts'a hore ha ho bapisoa ka moralo oa Intel, meaho ea eona e fapane, "kotsi ea ts'ebeliso e batla e le zero."

Li-chips tsa AMD li tla hlaseloa hape ke litlhaselo tse hlano ho tse supileng tse ncha tsa Meltdown le Specter tse fumanoeng ke bafuputsi, 'me lintja tsa Intel li kotsing ea ho ba kotsing ena e supileng. Li-CPU tsa AMD (ho kenyelletsa le li-processor tsa Ryzen le Epyc tsa morao-rao) ha li angoe ke Meltdown (Specter v3), Specter v3a, LazyFPU, TLBleed, Specter v1.2, L1TF / Foreshadow, SPOILER, SpectreRSB, mahlaseli a MDS (ZombieLoad), Fallout, RIDL ), SWAPGS.

Ha ho thata ho fumana hore CPU ea AMD e bonahala e na le maemo a fetohang a ho hlaseloa ka likhakanyo ho feta bahlahisi ba Intel. Leha ho le joalo, liphoso tse ts'oanang le Specter v1 li bonahala li ntse li tsoela pele ho ama li-processor tsa AMD. Litaba tse monate ke hore maemong a mangata, ho fokotsoa ha firmter v1 firmware ho ka thibela mathata ana a macha.

Ka bobeli Intel le AMD li hlahisitse likhakanyo tsa firmware le software bakeng sa liphoso tsohle tse kaholimo, empa haeba ts'ebetso ea ntlafatso e ipapisitse le lebokose la bo-mme kapa moetsi oa sesebelisoa eseng Intel / AMD kapa morekisi oa OS, ha se liphoso tsohle tse fihletseng moreki, joalo ka Microsoft. Apple, jj.

Pele ba tsebahala sechabeng, baetsi ba li-chip ba ne ba e-na le likhoeli tse ka bang tse tšeletseng ho lemosa ka bofokoli ba mantlha ba Metter le Meltdown. Sena se qholotsa hobane ha se barekisi bohle ba sistimi e sebetsang ba tsebang ka bona ka nako e le ngoe, mme barekisi ba bang ba ka hloka matsatsi kapa libeke ho li rarolla.

Ho ea ka tlaleho ea morao-rao, likonopo tsohle tse Intel e lokelang ho fana ka tsona li fokotsa lebelo la mosebelisi le li-server ka makhetlo a mahlano ho feta tsa mahlaseli a AMD. Sena ke sekheo se seholo, hobane Intel e tlameha ho rarolla masoba a ts'ireletso ho feta AMD.

Intel o entse liteko tse ling tsa ho fokotsa lebelo la ho ts'oaroa ke litselana, empa ha ho a nkuoa ke litsebi ho thibela litlhaselo tse ncha tse tšoanang. Ka hona, haeba ba Intel, AMD le baetsi ba bang ba chip ba leqe ho fetola moralo oa boqapi ba bona ba CPU, basebelisi ba kanna ba hlaseloa ke tlhaselo ea Specter-level bypass ka ho sa feleng.

Leha ho le joalo, Intel Front View e lokisa likotsi tse itseng ka ho li-in-chip fixes. Mohlala, Intel e ekellelitse linyants'oa tse ncha tse thehiloeng ho Hardware bakeng sa likotsi tse ngata tse ncha tse kang MSBDS, Fallout, le Meltdown. AMD ha e e eketse mehato ea ho thibela ea intra-silicon ho li-chips tsa eona tse seng li rometsoe, empa ho e-na le hoo e sebelisitse ho mefuta e mecha. Ke habohlokoa ho supa hore AMD ha e hloke ho etsa liphetoho tse ngata joaloka Intel ho itšireletsa khahlanong le maemo a kotsi, ka hona ha e hloke likaroloana tse thehiloeng ho Hardware.

Boiteko ba Intel le AMD

Kamora hore bafuputsi ba senole ho ba kotsing ea ho buoa ka Specter, Intel o ile a ts'episa ho beha ts'ireletso pele. Khamphani e ts'episitse ho fokotsa likotsi tsa tlokotsi ea Specter ho lisebelisoa tsa Hardware, tse ngata li oeleng molokong oa li-processor hona joale.

Empa qetellong, tsena ke litokisetso tse nyane feela mathateng a sa lokelang ho senya qalong, mme basebelisi ba batla ts'ireletso ho fapana le ho lokisa meralo e senyehileng. Joale, ho thoe'ng ka li-processor tsa Intel tsa ts'ireletso ea basebelisi?

Software Guard eXtensions (SGX) mohlomong ke eona e tsebahalang ka ho fetisisa le e tsoetseng pele ea ts'ireletso ea processor Intel eo a e lokolotseng lilemong tsa morao tjena. SGX e nolofalletsa lits'ebetso ho boloka data e hlokolosi joalo ka linotlolo tsa encryption sebakeng se sireletsehileng sa bonono ho RAM e kentsoeng ka har'a Hardware e sa fumaneheng sistimi e sebetsang kapa lits'ebetso tse ling tsa motho oa boraro. Sesebelisoa se joalo ka End-to-end encrypted Signal Messenger se boetse se sebelisoa e le hore se khone ho boloka basebelisi ba sireletsehileng ka mokhoa o sireletsehileng.

Intel hape haufinyane e phatlalalitse merero ea ho ntšetsa pele SGX e le hore e fane ka kakaretso ea encryption ea memori (TME) ho fapana le ho ngolisa karolo e fokolang feela ea mohopolo joalo ka SGX.

Ts'ebeliso ea memori ea Hardware e tlisa melemo ea ts'ireletso ho basebelisi hobane e etsa hore ho be thata haholoanyane bakeng sa lits'ebeliso tsa kamoso ho utsoa data (lits'ebetso tse lumelletsoeng tsa ts'ebetso le tsona li beha lithibelo tse thata ho li-API tse lumellang lits'ebetso ho arolelana data). Leha ho le joalo, ha ho hlake hore na Intel le AMD li ikemiselitse ho tlohela tšobotsi ena e fumaneha ho bareki ba likhoebo, kapa hore na e tla fuoa matla bakeng sa basebelisi ba kholo.

Ketso ea Intel ho SGX e ka pele ho nakoana AMD, ka hona AMD e lieha ho boloka encryption. Leha ho le joalo, processor ea Ryzen ea AMD e na le Ts'ireletso ea Memori e Sireletsehileng (SME) le Virtualization e Sireletsehileng (SEV), e seng e ntse e tsoetse pele haholo ho feta Intel. TSME (Transparent SME) ke sethala se thata sa li-SME se hatisang mohopolo oohle ka boiketsetso mme ha se hloke kopo ea ts'ehetso ka khoutu ea sona.

Ebile, joalo ka Intel's SGX, li-SEV li ntse li hlaseleha habonolo litlhaselong tsa morao-rao kapa litlhaselo tse ling tse sebelisang litlhaselo tsa ho fihlella tsa key. AMD le Intel ba ntse ba e-na le mosebetsi o mongata o lokelang ho etsoa ho netefatsa hore likarolo tsena li haufi le ho itšireletsa mafung.

ha re phethela

Ka nako e khuts'oane, leha ho na le boiteko bo botle ba lik'hamphani ka bobeli, maemo a ka mpefala pele baetsi ba AMD le baetsi ba Intel ba sireletseha ho feta. Basebelisi ba ka fumana mehato e mengata ea ho fokotsa thepa - mohlomong e lekane ho khotsofatsa bareki ba bangata le boralitaba, empa ha e na ho lekana ho rarolla mathata ohle ka lebaka la mathata ohle le litšenyehelo tse kenyelletsoeng ho khutlisetsa moralo oa mantlha oa processor.

Lilemong tse 'maloa tse tlang, basebelisi ba tla fumana likarolo tse ncha tse khahlisang tsa ts'ireletso ho Intel le AMD. Leha ho le joalo, ha bafuputsi ba ntseng ba eketseha ba qala ho tebela botebong ba mesebetsi e meholo ea CPU, ba ka ts'oaroa litlalehong tsa ts'ireletso ea ts'ireletso tse fumanoang ho li-processor tsa lik'hamphani tse peli lilemong tse 'maloa tse tlang.

Likhamphani tse peli hape li tla qeta lilemo li lokisa liphoso tseo bafuputsi ba li sibolotseng mohahong o mocha oa meralo ho etsa hore processor e kholo le ho feta.

Ha re khutlela potsong ea pele, ke mang ea ka fanang ka processor e sireletsehileng ho feta ho fa basebelisi netweke e sireletsehileng ka ho fetisisa? Ho ipapisitsoe le tse kaholimo:

Pele ho tsohle, Intel hajoale e na le likotsi tse 242 tse pepesitsoeng phatlalatsa, mme AMD e na le likheo tse 16 feela. Lekhalo le leholo haholo hore le ka hlokomolohuoa.

Taba ea bobeli, ho bonahala eka bonyane tlokotsi ea bofokoli bo senotsoeng ho Intel ho tloha qalong ea 2018 e amme li-Ryzen le Epyc CPU tsa AMD. Mohlomong e ka ba hobane bafuputsi ba sa ka ba ithuta haholo li-CPU tsa AMD. Empa moralo oa AMD oa polokelo e ncha ea Ryzen o nka polokeho ea Intel ha e le hantle e thehiloeng ho Nehalem. Bonyane haesale ho tloha ho qala ha Microhaeld ea Nehalem ka 2008, litlhaselo tse matlafatsang tse bolaeang li ile tsa ama CPU ea Intel;

Qetellong, ka tokollo ea sebopeho se secha sa Zen, AMD e bonahala e le ka pele ho Intel ho ts'ehetsa likarolo tse ncha tsa encryption. Hore na AMD e tla boloka lebelo lena ho latela ts'ireletso e sa ntse e lokela ho bonoa, kaha Intel e leka ho rarolla mathata ohle a Specter le ho ntlafatsa setšoantšo sa eona har'a bareki, empa bonyane hajoale, AMD e bonahala e etella pele.

Ka hona, li-processor tsa AMD li shebahala e le sethala se sireletsehileng ho feta nakong e haufinyane le e mahareng, leha ho sa nahanoe ka litšila tsohle tse mpe tsa ts'ebetso tse bakiloeng ke likhakanyo tse amanang le Specter bakeng sa litsamaiso tsa khale le tse ncha.